You can still play the card or take the action, but you simply ignore the part that would raise the maxed parameter. You don't gain any TR from that part of the effect, but all other effects of the card or action still apply normally.

Yes, when you place any tile (including ocean tiles) on an area with a placement bonus, you immediately gain the printed resources or cards shown on that space. This happens in addition to any other effects from placing the tile.

Ocean tiles can ONLY be placed in the blue ocean-reserved areas on the board. No other tiles may be placed in these blue areas, and ocean tiles cannot be placed anywhere else on the map.

You gain bonus step rewards immediately when you raise a parameter TO or PAST the marked bonus step. For example, if oxygen is at 7% and you raise it by 2%, you get the bonus at 8% oxygen right away.

No, the game only ends when ALL THREE global parameters (temperature, oxygen, and oceans) have reached their maximum values. The game then continues until the end of that generation, finishing after the production phase.

Yes, you gain TR (and thus income and victory points) whenever you raise a global parameter, regardless of the method used. Whether it's from a card effect, standard project, or any other action, raising any parameter increases your TR by the same amount.

The three special reserved areas can only have specific cities placed on them as indicated by certain cards. No other tiles of any type may be placed in these special areas, similar to how ocean-reserved areas work.